Articles Posted in Divorce

In Texas, property acquired by either spouse during the marriage is presumed to be community property.  However, property acquired prior to marriage is not community property.   In a recent case, the parties disputed the ownership of a piece of property they bought before marriage.

Before the parties married, they bought a property in Floresville with both names listed as “Grantee” on the warranty deed.

The wife petitioned for divorce in August 2023.  She testified that the property was purchased with money from their joint account.  She said that proceeds from the sale of a property owned by the husband were in the joint account but said they had both contributed funds to the joint account.

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Spouses sometimes convey property to each other during the marriage for various reasons.  In some cases, those conveyances may become an issue if the couple divorces. In a recent case, a former husband challenged the property division awarding the former wife two pieces of property, even though he had executed deeds conveying those properties to her.

The wife petitioned for divorce in June 2021 after more than 14 years of marriage.  She identified a home and a separate plot of land as her separate property.  She presented copies of a Special Gift Warranty deed by which the husband’s parents gifted the home to him, a later General Warranty deed by which the husband conveyed the home to the wife, a General Warranty Deed conveying the land to the husband, and a subsequent General Warranty deed conveying the land from the husband to the wife.  She identified both properties as her separate property in her Initial Disclosures. The husband did not identify those properties as property he currently owned, separate property, or property against which he had a claim in his discovery responses.

The wife moved for partial summary judgment, asking the court to hold that both properties were her separate properties. She alleged the husband received the home as a gift from his parents, and then conveyed it to her as her separate property. She alleged he bought the land during the marriage and signed a General Warranty Deed conveying it to her in 2020.  She argued he conveyed his undivided one-half community interest in the land to her, raising the gift presumption.

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The division of a business in a Texas divorce can result in ongoing disputes, even after the divorce is finalized. This can be especially true when one party has control of the business while both parties maintain an ownership interest.  A former wife recently appealed a temporary injunction enjoining her from filing lawsuits against the Company and other parties.

The parties divorced in 2019.  They owned a corporation and other related entities together, collectively referred to by the appeals court as the “Company.” The divorce decree ordered the sale of the Company, and appointed a separate entity to do the sale.

The ex-wife appealed the property division in the divorce decree, and the appeals court affirmed. She also appealed a take-nothing judgment against her in a lawsuit in which she alleged the ex-husband had engaged in fraud and breach of fiduciary duty.  That appeal was still pending at the time of the appeals court’s decision in this matter.

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Parties in a Texas high net worth divorce with complex assets may desire to reach an agreement regarding the property division.  While an agreement is often intended to avoid further litigation, in some cases three may be ongoing disputes.  A former wife recently challenged several declarations made by the trial court regarding her former husband’s obligations to pay her amounts received from his business interests.

During the parties’ marriage, the husband acquired significant real estate interests during the marriage, primarily through a group of companies identified by the court as the “KN Companies” and another company.  The parties separated in 2009 and executed an informal settlement agreement in 2012 that stated it was “BINDING AND IRREVOCABLE.”  This Binding Settlement Agreement (“BSA”) stated that the value of the “Total Community Estate” was $12,154,024 and that 55.75% would go to the husband and 44.25% to the wife.

The agreed final divorce decree was signed in December 2016.  The decree stated the parties had separately entered into an Agreement Incident to Divorce (“Agreement”) and incorporated the Agreement into the decree.  The court also found the Agreement and ancillary documents (“Final Settlement Documents”) were stipulated to represent an integrated merger of the BSA and, if there were any conflicts, the Final Settlement Documents would control.

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The court in a Texas divorce case must divide the estate in a “just and right” manner.  Property acquired by either spouse during the marriage, except separate property, is community property.  Tex. Fam. Code § 3.002.  Separate property includes property acquired by a spouse by gift.  Tex. Fam. Code § 3.001.  There is a rebuttable gift presumption for property conveyed by a parent to a child. The presumption can be rebutted by clear and convincing evidence that the parent lacked donative intent. A former husband recently challenged characterization of certain property the wife claimed had been gifted to her, as well as a provision stating the wife was entitled to file taxes as head of household, and a number of other issues.

The wife bought a new home in July 1999. She and her father were listed as the grantees on the deed, but the husband put $25,000 down.  The parties got married that September and lived in the home.  The wife’s father’s interest in the home was transferred to the husband in October 2000.

The husband worked as an engineer when they married but was laid off in 2007.  At the time of the trial, he had not had full-time employment since that lay-off.  He had received a severance and used it for bills and living expenses until it was depleted.  The husband cared for the parties’ young child while the wife worked full time.

While ideally, parties to a Texas divorce can resolve matters amicably, some high net worth divorces can lead to years of ongoing litigation. In a recent case, a former husband appealed an order requiring him to pay the former wife $100,000.  This appeal was the third appeal arising from the parties’ 2019 divorce.

Both parties had challenged the property division in the original divorce decree. In the first appeal, the appeals court concluded the trial court had mischaracterized certain property, with a difference of more than $1 million to the ex-wife.  The appeals court therefore concluded that a mischaracterization of that amount affected the just and right division of the community estate and remanded for a new property division.

The ex-husband appealed the second decree, arguing that there should have been a new trial on remand because several of the properties had changed form since the original decree or no longer existed. He argued the trial court erred when it refused to consider evidence of changes in the property after the divorce.  The appeals court rejected this argument, noting that the community assets are generally valued as of the date of the divorce.  The trial court could have reasonably determined that the changes could later be addressed in an enforcement proceeding. The appeals court affirmed the 2023 decree.

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A settlement agreement in a Texas divorce can allow the parties an amicable resolution, avoiding lengthy and contentious litigation.  In some cases, however, a party may wish to repudiate the agreement or revoke their consent to the agreement.  A party may revoke consent to an agreement before rendition of the divorce. See Tex. Fam. Code § 7.006(a).  In a recent high net worth divorce case, a former wife challenged the final divorce decree, arguing she had revoked consent to the parties’ settlement agreement.

According to the appeals court, the parties were married for nearly 38 years when they petitioned for divorce. According to the appeals court, the wife’s proposed property division valued the marital estate at more than $5 million. The parties reached an agreement during the trial on April 22, 2024.  The trial court stated it would adopt the agreement. It also stated it “will grant [the] divorce based on insupportability and. . .will accept the agreement. . .”  After being asked by the husband’s attorney, the court stated it “rendered that today. . .”

Both parties and their attorneys signed a copy of the agreement titled “Judge’s Order” and it was signed by the court and file-marked in April.

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A Texas postnuptial agreement is not enforceable if the party proves that it was not signed voluntarily or that it was unconscionable and they were not given a fair and reasonable disclosure of the other party’s property or financial obligations, did not voluntarily and expressly waive disclosure in writing, and did not have or reasonably could not have had adequate knowledge of the other party’s property or obligations. Tex. Fam. Code § 4.105.  A former husband recently challenged a finding the parties’ postnuptial agreement in a high net worth divorce was unenforceable.

The parties married in 1991 and the wife petitioned for divorce in 2019.  She voluntarily non-suited that case and the parties signed a postnuptial agreement.  The wife filed for divorce again in 2022.  She argued the agreement was unconscionable and she had entered into it involuntarily.

According to the appeals court, the evidence showed the husband was not represented by an attorney at the time. The wife emailed him links to websites about postnuptial agreements. The husband testified they drafted an agreement that day. The wife denied being involved with drafting the agreement.  The husband testified she told him her attorney would review it and he agreed to reimburse her for the fees. She contacted her attorney at some point and signed the non-suit order. The court granted the non-suit the same day the wife’s attorney filed it. The following day, the parties signed the agreement in front of a notary, but the wife’s attorney was not present.

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Property divisions in Texas divorces are intended to be final.  Although a party may appeal or seek to enforce a property division, they generally cannot relitigate it in a separate lawsuit.  Sometimes, however, the divorce decree does not adjudicate all of the parties’ property.  A former spouse may file suit to divide property that was not divided in the decree. Tex. Fam. Code § 9.201.

In a recent case, a former husband filed suit to divide property that he alleged had not been divided in the parties’ 2009 divorce.

According to the ex-husband’s pleading, the parties got married in 1981.  He alleged the ex-wife bought property in Colorado while they were married, but that property was not addressed in the 2009 decree because they “agreed to divide the property among themselves later.” He also alleged the ex-wife notified him she would not comply with the agreement in 2023 and transferred the property to someone else.  The ex-husband requested clarification that the property in Colorado was community property and asked for a one-half interest in it, along with fees and costs.

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Real estate investments can lead to complex issues for property division in a Texas divorce, especially if there are co-owners or business entities involved.  A former husband recently challenged the property division in his divorce, which characterized certain property as his wife’s separate property and awarded his father-in-law a 50% interest in a piece of real estate.

The parties moved to Texas from the U.K., intending to purchase real estate in Austin.  In 2018, the wife’s parents gave her about £250,000, documented as a gift in a letter.  The wife put £214,000, which totaled a little over $248,000, into a joint account.  The funds were used for 97.19% of the purchase price of a property identified by the court as “the Webberville property.”  The purchase and deed were in only the husband’s name based on advice from an immigration attorney.

The parties purchased “the Gunter property” with the wife’s father in late 2019.  They did not have a written contract regarding the co-ownership, but the wife’s father testified they agreed he would put 50% down and own 50% of the property.  He had signed a letter in November of that year, however, stating the funds he put toward the purchase were a gift with no expectation of repayment. The husband told him having only the couple on the title would facilitate the purchase, but he would amend it to add the wife’s father.  The father was not added, but the husband did give him property and loss statements for the property and pay him $14,000 as his share of the rental income.

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